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Helen Ackland is the Senior Clinical Trauma Research Fellow at The Alfred, and works collaboratively with the departments of Intensive Care, Radiology, Emergency, Trauma, Orthopaedics and Neurosurgery. 

Her primary areas of interest include cervical spine injury investigation, spinal imaging and ladder fall-related injuries and prevention.

Mr Frank Bruscino-Raiola graduated from Monash University in 1991 and completed his fellowship in Plastics and Reconstructive surgery in 2002.

He has been a member of the Victorian Melanoma Service since 2003.

Mr Frank Bruscino-Raiola brings a great volume of experience in melanoma surgery. Apart from his interest in melanoma, he is the head of plastic research at The Alfred. 

He is the prime surgeon of the Osseointegration & TMR programme and is also heavily involved in the head and neck, and trauma-related reconstructive surgery.

Professional memberships:

• Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
• Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons

Prof Allen Cheng is an infectious diseases physician at Alfred Health.

Prof Cheng is an infectious diseases physician. His key interests are influenza, antibiotic resistance and hospital-acquired infections. He is involved in influenza surveillance in Australian hospitals as well as clinical trials in infectious diseases.

Prof Cheng also has an appointment in the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine at Monash University.

Heather Cleland is a Plastic Surgeon and currently Head of the Victorian Adult Burns Unit at The Alfred.  

She is a member of the Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons, and the Australian and New Zealand Burn Association, of which she is a Past President and current board member.  She chairs the Board Burns Quality Improvement Program Committee, and is Chair of the Steering Committee of the Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand.

She is a member various committees and organizations, including the Court of Examiners of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (Plastic Surgery), the Australasian Foundation for Plastic Surgery’s Education Committee, and the Donor Tissue Bank Committee of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine.

She is a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries (Burns), a reviewer for several international surgical journals, a supervisor for higher degree students, and has published over 100 articles in peer reviewed journals.

Prof Anthony Dart is a clinician specialising in Lipid disorders.

He completed his undergraduate and early postgraduate training at the University of Oxford. He completed a BA (physiology) and DPhil (neurophysiology) prior to completing his medical studies (BM BCh).  Following internships in Oxford and Bath, he completed basic physician training in South Wales including posts at Morriston Hospital, Swansea and Llandough, Royal Infirmary and Heath Hospital, Cardiff.  He was cardiology registrar at the Heath Hospital (University of Wales). Subsequent appointments were as senior registrar in Aberdeen (Forresterhill Hospital and Aberdeen Royal Infirmary) and Lecturer in the Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Edinburgh. 

He received specialist accreditation in General Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Medicine.  He also spent 2 years in the Department of Cardiology, Heidelberg, Germany as a Royal Society European Exchange Fellow.  Professor Dart relocated to Melbourne in 1988 to take up a position at the Baker Medical Research Institute.  He is a FRACP and FRCP. 

Professor Dart was in receipt of both personal (Senior Principal Research Fellow) and direct research costs from the NHMRC from 1988 to 2017.  Professor Dart was previously Acting Director (2002-2004) and Director (2004-2017) of the department of Cardiovascular Medicine at The Alfred.  

Professor Dart's clinical interests, in addition to general cardiology, include hyperlipidaemia and control of cardiac risk factors.  Research interests also include hyperlipidaemia and vascular function, particularly in relation to myocardial ischaemia and hypertension.  He also has a major laboratory interest (Baker Institute) in myocardial ischaemia and infarction.  Professor Dart has more than 300 publications related to cardiac disease.

View Prof Dart's Google Scholar profile

Dr Denborough is a child and youth psychiatrist with more than 20 years experience.

Mr Atsuo Doi is a Cardiothoracic & Transplantation Surgeon.

A/Prof Hany Elsaleh is Director, Radiation Oncology at Alfred Health and an Associate Professor at Monash and the Australian National University. 

Hany gained his PhD in molecular biology at the Department of Surgery at the University of Western Australia during Radiation Oncology fellowship training for his investigations in DNA Repair and Chromosomal Instability.

He was then recruited in the United States to a faculty position at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, working with Rodney Withers as a Radiation Oncologist specialising in gastrointestinal malignancies. Whilst in the U.S. he established and chaired the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Gastrointestinal Translational Research Program Committee. His subsequent pharmacogenomics research resulted in drug development and an international Phase III randomized trial.

In the ACT his main focus was in medical management as Director of Radiation Oncology at the Canberra Hospital. As a supporter of research he established a cancer research laboratory program investigating clonogenic radiation sensitisation, in-vivo tissue damage and repair. In collaboration with a biotech company he conducted novel translational clinical studies in radiation reactions and targeted tissue recovery. With the advent of stereotactic radiosurgery and dose escalation treatments in radiation oncology he has moved his research focus to irradiation immunity interactions partnering with the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University as well as facilitating collaborations with the radiation oncology departments radiation immunity laboratory at The Burnett Institute in Melbourne.

Not scared to think outside the box when it comes to service provision Hany looks at developing and growing the cancer partnerships with Victorian public providers and in the south eastern regional health services corridor.

Prof Christopher Fairley is Director of the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Professor of Public Health at Monash University.

He holds three specialist medical fellowships from the College of Physicians (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Public Health and Chapter of Sexual Health Medicine. He is an editor of the Journal ‘Sexual Health’. His principle research interests are the public health control of sexually transmitted diseases and the effectiveness of clinical services.  He has supervised 27 doctoral students to completion. He has 543 review journal publications and sits on the boards of IUSTI and ISSTDR. 

Find out more about Chris at Monash University and Google Scholar.

Mr Julian Gooi is a Cardiothoracic & Transplantation Surgeon.

Mark qualified in Medicine at Melbourne in 1995. He undertook a severe asthma fellowship at the Royal Brompton Hospital, a PhD in Molecular Biology at Imperial College London, and a Masters in Evidence-Based Health Care at Oxford. He has dual specialist registration, in both Respiratory & Sleep Medicine and Clinical Immunology & Allergy. He has published more than a hundred research papers and book chapters. His areas of expertise include severe asthma therapeutics, thunderstorm asthma, and allergic disease.

Prof Jennifer Hoy is the Director of HIV Medicine at The Alfred.

Prof Hoy has over 30 years’ experience in HIV clinical research and patient care, and established the Clinical Research Unit at The Alfred. Prior to this, she established and directed the Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit from 1988-2008, building it into an internationally recognized research program.

She has been Principal Investigator for over 175 clinical studies at The Alfred and has collaborated widely on investigator-initiated pathogenesis studies.

Prof Hoy has been co-principal investigator on five large studies investigating ARV therapy and bone loss, including the SMART and START studies on which she was the Principal Investigator for Australia.

Prof Hoy has been a productive member of the IAS-USA Antiretroviral Guidelines Panel since 2012. Her current research interests include the comorbidities associated with ageing and HIV, especially bone and cardiovascular disease, and finding better ways to prevent and manage them.

Most significant trial

The START international study recruited 4500 people globally and demonstrated that starting treatment for HIV infection soon after diagnosis provided survival benefits in addition to reduction in AIDS and non-AIDS diseases. The results of this trial provided the gold standard evidence to change all antiretroviral guidelines throughout the world in 2015.

A/Prof Martin Hunn is the Director of Neurosurgery at Alfred Health.

A/Prof Martin Hunn's clinical areas of special interest include:

• Acoustic neuroma and other cerebellopontine angle tumours
• Awake resection of low grade glioma
• Surgery for cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations
• Cervical spine surgery
• Surgical management of trigeminal neuralgia

He has an appointment with the Central Clinical School, Monash University.  His primary research interest has been immunotherapy for primary brain tumours, but this is evolving to include the management of critically-ill patients following traumatic brain injury with intracranial haemorrhage.

Peter Hunter is a geriatrician with 30 years of experience.

He was the inaugural president of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine. He is the Clinical Lead for the Care of Older People Clinical Network. His interests include safety and quality in older people, innovative service development and improving end of life care.

Josh Ihle is an intensive care specialist and The Alfred’s clinical lead for the organ donation, and burns units.

Josh also manages the Alfred Critical Care Ultrasound course, as well as teaches several ICU courses at the hospital.

He has a keen interest in cardiothoracic intensive care, particularly Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, echocardiography and organ donation. 

Professor Kaye is the Director of Cardiology and a senior cardiologist in the Heart Failure & Transplant service at The Alfred. 

Professor Kaye is an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow and Head of the Cardiology Division at the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute.

He is recognised internationally for his work on the pathophysiology of heart failure. His studies have identified a range of the fundamental mechanisms that contribute to the progressive nature of heart failure. He has published over 340 research articles, his H index is 77, with over 23,000 citations.

Research

Professor Kaye holds numerous research grants including an NHMRC Program Grant (as leader), NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Grant and an NHMRC Development Grant.

Prof Kaye’s research has also created a substantial portfolio of intellectual property related to the invention of novel medical devices. These have been the basis for the formation of three start-up companies, including Osprey Medical which was successfully listed on the ASX. All companies have advanced active clinical trial programs.

Prof Kaye is the recipient of the Eric Susman and RT Hall Prizes for research excellence from the College of Physicians and Cardiac Society. He was awarded the 2012 Eureka Prize for Medical Research Translation.

Most significant clinical trial

A novel formulation of a drug used to treat advanced heart failure, now tested in over 40 patients with severe symptoms.

Publications

View all publications on PubMed

Prof John Kelly is a consultant dermatologist at the Victorian Melanoma Service at The Alfred in Melbourne, a multidisciplinary treatment service for melanoma. 

John founded the service in 1994 and headed the service until 2018. He is a dermatologist and holds the appointment of Adjunct Professor at the Monash University Department of Medicine at Alfred Health.

From 1987-2005, he also headed the Dermatology Unit at The Alfred. He undertook his Doctorate at the Melanoma Clinic, University of California, San Francisco on the subject of melanoma diagnosis and management.

He maintains an active program of research in melanoma diagnosis and is the author of many published papers on the subject. He has served on the boards of the Australia and New Zealand Melanoma Trials Group and Melanoma Research Victoria and is a steering committee member and author for the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Melanoma in Australia and New Zealand.

He was awarded an AM in 2018 for “significant service to medicine through the management and treatment of melanoma, as a clinician and administrator and to education”. In 2018, he received, the Belisario Award for Academic Dermatology from the Australasian College of Dermatologists, in recognition of his contribution to melanoma research.

Professional memberships:

• Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Melanoma in Australia and New Zealand
• Australasian College of Dermatologists

Professor Peter Kistler is a clinician cardiologist and electrophysiologist and an international leader in the treatment of heart rhythm disorders.

He is the Head of electrophysiology at the Alfred Hospital and Head of Clinical Electrophysiology research at the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute in Melbourne. He is a Professor in the department of Medicine at the University of Melbourne and Monash Universities.

Peter was the senior author of the first randomized study defining the role of alcohol abstinence in atrial fibrillation published in the New England Journal on January 2nd 2020. Peter’s research has drawn international attention being featured in print and electronic news media across the world in defining the role of alcohol and coffee in heart rhythm disorders as well as ablation in improving heart function. Peter was senior author of the CAMERA MRI study published in JACC in 2017 which demonstrated the superiority of catheter ablation vs medical rate control in patients with AF and dilated cardiomyopathy which has now been incorporated into international guidelines. Peter was awarded the prestigious RT Hall Prize from the cardiac society of Australasia in 2020 for excellence in cardiac research.

He has made a substantial contribution to the field of atrial arrhythmias with 210 publications, 6467 citations and has supervised 15 PhD students. He is an invited speaker at the American Heart Association, Heart Rhythm Society in the USA and Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. He is a member of the fellowship committee and Heart Rhythm TV for the Heart Rhythm Society USA. He is the current Chair of the Cardiac Society Australia New Zealand AF ablation guidelines and member of the National Heart Foundation Heart Failure Guidelines 2018.

Prof Kulkarni is the Director of MAPrc and Head of Department of Psychiatry, Monash University (CCS).

MAPrc is dedicated to discovering new treatments, new understanding and new services for people with a range of mental illnesses.

Prof Kulkarni became a Fellow of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists in 1989 and was awarded a PhD from Monash University in 1997 for her thesis “Women and Psychosis”. She is internationally acknowledged as a leader in the field of reproductive hormones and their impact on mental health. Prof Kulkarni was elected the President of the International Association of Women’s Mental Health in 2017.

Most significant trial

Pioneering the use of estradiol for treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a large-scale randomised-controlled trial in women of child-bearing age.

Natasha is an occupational therapist who holds appointments with several institutions.

Natasha holds a joint appointment with La Trobe University (School of Allied Health) and honorary appointments at the John Walsh Institute for Rehabilitation Research at The University of Sydney, the George Institute for Global Health and the Florey Neurosciences at The University of Melbourne. Working within the Alfred Health hospital network, she conducts clinical trials investigating the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions, as well as translation research into improving the long-term outcomes for those living with brain injury from stroke or traumatic causes. She has published widely in leading journals such as Stroke, Journal of Epidemiology, and Clinical Rehabilitation, and has received competitive research grants from federal government (including NHMRC), state government (includingthe Transport Accident Commission) and philanthropic organisations (including the National Stroke Foundation).

A/Prof Victoria Mar is the Director of the Victorian Melanoma Service at The Alfred and Adjunct Associate Professor at the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University.

She completed her PhD at Monash University/VMS and Peter MacCallum entitled ‘Clinical and molecular characteristics of aggressive melanoma’ (2014), and supervises doctoral students in clinical and translational research projects.

She is a board member of the Melanoma and Skin Cancer Trials Group. She has co-authored a number of chapters for the Cancer Council Australia Melanoma Guidelines and is Clinical Lead for the Melanoma Clinical Outcomes Registry and Victorian Lead for the Australian Centre of Excellence for Melanoma Imaging and Diagnosis.

Professional memberships:

• Melanoma and Skin Cancer Trials Group
• Clinical Lead for the Melanoma Clinical Outcomes Registry and Victorian
• Australian Centre of Excellence for Melanoma Imaging and Diagnosis

Prof Silvana Marasco is the Director, Cardiothoracic Surgery at The Alfred and Professor, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Monash University.

Prof Marasco performs the full spectrum of adult cardiac and thoracic operations, including heart and lung transplants and implantation of mechanical assist devices.

Her surgical areas of interest include:

• Minimally invasive valve surgery
• Innovative techniques
• Management of chest trauma

She has a Master of Surgery, Master of Bioethics, a PhD and has published over 160 peer reviewed journal articles and 14 book chapters. Her research interests have focussed on chest trauma, transplantation outcomes and innovations in surgical techniques for which she has received over $6.5 million in total funding.

Prof David McGiffin is Head of Research, Cardiothoracic Surgery and a Cardiothoracic & Transplantation Surgeon.

Assoc Prof Steve McGloughlin completed his training in intensive care in a combination of metropolitan and rural centres before coming to the Alfred in 2011.

He is passionate about the delivery of quality, compassionate care to critically ill patients and providing support for staff who work in this difficult area. His clinical areas of interest include infections in the critically ill, ECMO and communication skills. He previously worked for the Royal Flying Doctor Service in remote Australia.

Rob Melvin is an emergency physician at Alfred Health, working in the Emergency and Trauma Centre at The Alfred, and the Emergency Department at Sandringham Hospital.

His clinical areas of special interest include team leadership in resuscitation, paediatrics in the emergency department and infectious diseases in the emergency department setting.

Prof Biswadev Mitra works as an Emergency Physician at Alfred Health. 

His clinical areas of special interest include trauma resuscitation, traumatic brain injury, blood and blood product usage during trauma resuscitation. Prof Mitra has an appointment with the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University.

His primary research interest has been in blood transfusion and clotting disorders during trauma resuscitation and traumatic brain injury.

Prof Paul Myles is the Director, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, The Alfred and Monash University.

Prof Myles is an anaesthetist with a special interest in cardiac and trauma anaesthesia, patient safety, awareness (“waking up” during surgery), and research methods to measure patient quality of recovery. 

He was the founding Chair of the ANZCA Clinical Trials Group, is an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Practitioner Fellow, and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Science.  

Mr Justin Negri is a Cardiothoracic & Transplantation Surgeon.

Prof O'Brien is the Program Director Alfred Brain, Deputy Director of Research and Head of Neuroscience Clinical Trials Unit at The Alfred.

Prof O'Brien is a specialist in neurology and clinical pharmacology, with particular expertise in epilepsy and related brain diseases, including traumatic brain injury, brain tumours and neurodegenerative diseases, neuropharmacology and in-vivo imaging in animal models and humans.

He was formerly The University of Melbourne’s James Stewart Chair of Medicine and Head of the Department of Medicine at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (2008-17).

He leads a large translational research team focused on improving treatments for people with epilepsy and related brain diseases. Prof O’Brien’s research has two primary goals:

• To better understand the determinants of treatment response, identify biomarkers for treatment outcomes, and develop new treatment approaches.
• To investigate the fundamental neurobiological basis, and inter-relationship, of the neuropsychiatric co-morbidities present in many patients with epilepsy and neurodegenerative conditions.

He has been a principal investigator in more than 100 commercially sponsored and investigator initiated trials, and is Chair of the Australian Epilepsy Clinical Trial Network (AECTN). He published more than 395 peer-reviewed original papers in leading scientific and medical journals which have been cited around 14,000 times.

Most significant trial

The STAR 1 trial (2016-18), for which Prof O’Brien was the principal investigator, was the first double-blinded randomised control trial of a cannaboid treatment for adults with drug resistant focal epilepsy. It was also the first to trial a novel transcutaneous delivery system that avoided many of pharmacokinetic and side-effects issues with oral cannaboid treatments. The study involved 188 participants and 14 trial sites across Australia and New Zealand, coordinated by the AECTN which Prof O’Brien chairs. The results of the study showed that the treatment was well tolerated, with excellent patient compliance and acceptance, establishing the viability of the transdermal treatment approach. Continued open-labelled treatment in STAR 2 showed sustained clinically meaningful reductions after 6 and 12 months of treatment. 

Professor Robyn O’Hehir is known internationally for her innovative research in allergy and respiratory medicine. 

For the past ten years she has headed Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine at Alfred Health and Monash University, the first University in Australia to establish a Chair of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.  Professor O’Hehir has been a key figure in advocacy, policy development and community service for those affected by respiratory allergy, asthma and cystic fibrosis in Australia.  She served as State President of the Australasian Society for Clinical Immunology and Allergy, as well as a non-executive Director on the Board of Cabrini Health and a member of the Menzies Foundation Council.  She is honoured to be an Officer of the Order of Australia, a Fellow of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Science and a Life Governor of Asthma Victoria. 

Dr Palit is a Rehabilitation Physician with a strong interest in Neurological Rehabilitation. 

Previously Headed the Neurological Rehabilitation Stream at Caulfield Hospital.  Research interest in Spasticity Management.   Part of the team responsible for developing the Model of Care for the Alfred ABI Rehabilitation Centre and has gone on to become the Clinical Lead for this new rehabilitation Service 

Anton is a Professor of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, and is the Director of the Department of Infectious Diseases at The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University. 

He completed his infectious diseases clinical training in Australia in 2005 and then went to the USA for four years and worked at the Harvard-affiliated hospitals: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital. He completed a Masters of Public Health at Harvard School of Public Health, and also completed a PhD in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. His research interests are in hospital-acquired infections, antibiotic resistance, mechanisms of pathogenesis and infections in immunocompromised hosts.

He is also an active clinician working in the area of hospital-acquired infections and transplant infectious diseases. He is a committee member of the Clinical Research Network of the Australasian Society of Infectious Diseases and the Taskforce against Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria for the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare. He has received numerous national and international awards for his advanced research and contribution to Infectious Diseases and Microbiology.

Prof Stuart Roberts is the Head of Hepatology and a consultant gastroenterologist at The Alfred.

Having completed a Hepatology Fellowship at the Mayo Clinic in the USA, Professor Roberts was awarded a Doctorate of Medicine by the University of Melbourne for his liver research.

More recently, he completed a Master of Public Health at Monash University with High Distinction.

His main research interests are hepatocellular carcinoma, viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and non-invasive markers of liver disease.

He has been Principal Investigator in over 165 sponsored and investigator-initiated clinical trials from phase I - IV. Professor Roberts has published more than 170 original articles across a range of high-impact journals including the New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet, Annals of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Gut, Hepatology, and Journal of Hepatology.

Most significant trial

The Phase III randomised controlled trial of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 infection. This was published in the New England Journal of Medicine and is now the standard of care for the vast majority of patients with chronic hepatitis C. 

Prof Jeffrey V. Rosenfeld is Senior Neurosurgeon in the Department of Neurosurgery at The Alfred, and Professor of Surgery, Monash University.

His research interests are on improving the outcome for patients with traumatic brain injury and restoring sight to blind individuals using bionic vision, a wireless electrode interface with the brain.

He is also a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences, the Australian Academy Technological Sciences and Engineering, and an International Fellow of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the American College of Surgeons.

Prof Mark Shackleton is the Director of Oncology at Alfred Health.

Prof Mark Shackleton is the Director of Oncology at Alfred Health, a Professor of Oncology at Monash University, a Victorian Cancer Agency Clinical Research Fellow, Chair of Melanoma and Skin Cancer Trials Ltd and a Director of Cancer Trials Australia Ltd.

After training in medical oncology at the Ludwig Institute in Melbourne, he undertook PhD studies at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, and post-doctoral work at the University of Michigan, USA, with resultant publications in Nature, Cell, Cancer Cell and the New England Journal of Medicine.

He has received several major prizes for his research:

• 2016 Victorian Cancer Agency Clinical Research Fellowship
• 2012 Australian Science Minister’s Prize for Life Scientist of the Year
• 2011 Pfizer Australia Fellowship
• 2010 NHMRC Achievement Award
• 2006 Victorian Premier’s Award for Medical Research

His clinical interests include melanoma and skin cancers, precision oncology and immunotherapy.

De Villiers is an experienced Emergency Physician with a strong interest in clinical research, systems design, quality improvement and patient flow.

As Director of Emergency Services at Alfred Health and Director of The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre, de Villiers oversees the busiest trauma centre in Australasia and has been instrumental in developing and implementing several care models to improve patient care and experience.

De Villiers holds additional appointments as Clinical Program Director, Emergency and Intensive Care, Alfred Health, overseeing the governance of emergency medicine and intensive care, and Associate Professor at Monash University School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine. He has previously worked in major trauma centres in South Africa, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and New Zealand.

When the COVID-19 pandemic saw unprecedented disruption to usual models of care, de Villiers led the team that enacted new approaches to staff and patient safety, drawing on his experiences leading the emergency medicine team in Hong Kong during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Thanks to the ongoing dedication of these teams, the Alfred and Sandringham emergency departments have maintained uninterrupted service delivery to the community throughout the pandemic.